LED SERIES CONNECTION
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAm
The LED symbol is the standard symbol for a diode with the addition of two small arrows denoting emission (of light). Hence the name, light emitting diode (LED). The "A" indicates the anode, or plus (+) connection, and the "C" the cathode, or minus (-) connection. We've said it before, but it bears repeating: LEDs are strictly DC devices and will not function using AC (alternating current). When powering an LED, unless the voltage source exactly matches the LED device voltage, a "limiting" resistor must be used in series with the LED. Without this limiting resistor, the LED would instantly burn out.
In our circuits below, we use the battery symbol to indicate a power source. Power could just a easily be provided by a power supply, or wheel pickups from track on a layout. Whatever the source, the important thing is it must be DC and well regulated to prevent over-voltage fluctuations causing damage to the LEDs. If the voltage source is to be supplied from track pickups, a bridge rectifier should be used to ensure LEDs only receive DC and unchanging polarity.
The switch symbols are fairly straightforward. A single-pole, single-throw (SPST) switch is simply an on-off function, while the SPDT (double-throw) switch allows for routing between two different circuits. It can be used as a single-throw switch if one side is not connected to anything. The push-button is a momentary contact switch.
The capacitor symbol we're using here is for the electrolytic or polarized type of capacitor. That is, it must be used in a DC circuit and connected properly (plus connection to the plus voltage), or it will be damaged. For our purposes, it is used for momentary storage, to help "smooth out" fluctuations in supply voltage caused by small losses as wheels picking up power roll across dirty spots in the track or gaps at turnouts. Polarized capacitors are graded by different maximum DC voltage ratings. Always use a capacitor who's rating safely exceeds the maximum voltage expected in your application.
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-afsar ahamed
